Congruence between language, ethnicity, and geography

How does the information Hevia presents demonstrate that the region's history is more complex than national histories allow it to be?

Yiming Sun 2022.feb

Is "Divined Dynasty" 天朝上國 the Eurocentrism in Qing dynasty? Does Eurocentrism include Ethnocentrism? Did World War II have anything to do with Eurocentrism?

The Qing dynasty was a multi-ethnic and multi-lingual country. The Qing emperors were primarily concerned with establishing supremacy in a society populated by many lords and power centres. Both domestically and overseas, the emperors tried to hold their paramount

position.The Manchu emperors strove to present themselves as the only institution capable of satisfying the Qing dynasty's diverse populace by splitting the other lords.

Internally, the Manchus, Mongols, and Tibetans' triangular connection became more

complicated with the creation of the Qing dynasty. The authority of tribal groups is the first

intricacy, followed by cooperation and confrontation with lamas. Firstly. Lifan Yuan. or the

Ministry of Outer Dependencies, charged Qing relations with all interior Asian lords. Experts

from the ministry researched the geography, history, and genealogy of key figures in these areas, as well as translatingTibetan Buddhist materials.August Qing's Illustrated Account of Tribute bearing Domains (HQZGT)and FourTreasuries of the Emperor's Library (SKQS) was compiled. Because of the publicity of Tibetan Buddhism, leaders of tribal groups started claiming to be descendants of Genghis Khan or used titles associated with the Tibetan throne such as Chakravartin King. Secondly Lamas are distinct from inner Asian nobles. The emperor wished to concentrate Tibetan Buddhism within his territory and control it. On the contrary, the Dalai Lama invested and officially recognized the Mongol Khans and guaranteed their status. Both of them tried to persuade the other.When the fifth Dalai Lama visited Beijing, it was the first encounter between the emperor and the Lama.Tibet and Mongolia emphasized the Lama's role as the emperor's teacher, and they portrayed the emperor as a giver of gifts. On the other hand the emperor had to ensure his legitimacy and supremacy

Externally, the Qing dynasty saw China's Pacific coast as both an opportunity and a threat. As a result, the court restricts the inflow of technology, particularly military technology, limiting interaction to a few coastal ports.The relationship of the Qing emperor with East and Southeast Asian states is the first complication and relationships with western countries are the second. Firstly, Korea is unique in its connections between Asian countries and the Qing Dynasty. The Joseon king was asubordinate ofthe Qing emperor, but he built his own administration simultaneously.Relations with the Kingdom of Burma, on the other hand, did not go well, and the Burmese war was not a resounding victory. The Qing rulers' relationships with East and Southeast Asian nations were complicated even among loyal sub-lords. Second, the emperor would offer trade privileges to foreign countries in exchange for their loyalty to the Qing government. For example, the Portuguese presence in Macau was sanctioned because the Portuguese had assisted the Ming imperial army in driving away pirates.

The legality and succession of preserving the largest territory at the time may be recorded in national history as the Qing Empire was the largest, richest, and most populous continuous political entity. Actuality, the Qing dynasty struggled to strike a balance between the constraints of establishing an alliance that recognized Qing hegemony while suppressing potential opposition in Asia; pacifying and maintaining control over China's diverse population; and constructing defensive ositions along the empire's Pacific coast.

Bibliography

Hevia, JamesLouis. Chapter2 .In Cherishing Men from Afar: Qing Guest Ritual and the Macartney Embassy of 1793,29-56. Durham: Duke University Press, 2005.